By Mark Wherry
The first paid‑for update to Cubase for two years introduces some major innovations for sequencing and composition, including integrated Melodyne‑style pitch correction and editing.
It's been nearly nine years since Sound On Sound last reviewed Cubase 5. However, that was version 5 of the original Cubase application, the last version released before the introduction of Cubase SX. Since then, Steinberg have been consistently improving Cubase alongside their other, more post‑production‑oriented audio application, Nuendo. Cubase 4, released a little over two years ago, dropped the 'SX' suffix, returning the product to its original name once again.
Unlike the earlier versions of Cubase SX, which added interesting tools for musicians to embrace, Cubase 4, if I'm being honest, just didn't seem that exciting to me. Most of the new functionality centred around the new Media Bay, which only really helped you navigate the content that was provided by Steinberg, and VST3, an update to Steinberg's plug‑in technology that was initially unavailable to third‑party developers.
However, in the two years following Cubase 4's release, Steinberg released two important updates: 4.1, bringing significantly better mixer routing (and parity with Nuendo 4.1), and, more recently, 4.5, which introduced VST Sound as a new way to integrate content into Media Bay. In addition, the VST3 SDK was finally made available to third‑party developers. Although the uptake has been slow, the first third‑party VST3 plug‑ins have now started to appear, and you get the feeling that Cubase 4 was, in retrospect, setting the scene for greater things to come. Enter Cubase 5.
The Tracks Of My Tempo
Cubase 5 now makes it possible to include the Tempo and Time Signature tracks in the Track List of the Project window. Note how the selected Time Signature event shows up in the Event Info Line.
Bizarrely, one of the features I was happiest to see in Cubase 5 is also, by comparison, one of the smallest. I'm sure that I haven't been the only Cubase user who, over the years, has dreamed of being able to see and edit Tempo and Time Signature events in the Project window without having to open the Tempo Track editor. Well, it's finally possible: you can now create a Tempo track and a Time Signature track in the Track List on the Project window, and edit Tempo and Time Signature events directly on these tracks.
The best place for the Tempo and Time Signature tracks is obviously at the top of the Track List, and so Cubase's Divide Track List feature is essential here to ensure that these tracks stay next to the ruler, even if you scroll the Track List. Part of me wishes Steinberg would have incorporated these new tracks into a larger ruler, but this implementation is at least consistent with adding Video, Marker, Arranger, Transpose, and other ruler tracks. And an added bonus is that you have easy access to Process Tempo and Process Bars via Track buttons on the Tempo and Time Signature tracks respectively.
Perhaps the biggest down side to having Tempo and Time Signature variation implemented within tracks rather than as part of the main ruler is that it's currently not possible to add these types of tracks to other editor windows, such as the Key editor. Given that you can now edit tempo and time signature events in the Project window, it would be handy to be able to do this while editing MIDI notes as well (and no, using the in‑place MIDI editing just isn't the same). Even though Logic Pro's piano‑roll editor and Pro Tools 8's MIDI editor have fewer features than Cubase's Key editor, both afford you the ability to manipulate tempo and signatures without having to open another window.
When enabled, the Virtual Keyboard shows up at the end of the Transport panel and transforms your computer's keyboard into a MIDI input device.Another small yet potentially handy feature is that Steinberg have brought the Virtual Keyboard from their Sequel 2 into Cubase, allowing you to use your computer's keyboard as a MIDI input device. When Virtual Keyboard is enabled (from the Devices menu or by toggling Alt/Option‑K), a new section of the transport panel shows a visual representation of what keys on your keyboard trigger the Virtual Keyboard.
A series of indicators underneath the Virtual Keyboard display shows you which octave you're playing, and you can adjust this range with the left and right cursor keys. A slider to the right of the Virtual Keyboard shows you the velocity level that will be triggered (although you can't actually see the precise number), which can be adjusted using the up and down arrow keys.
An alternate piano‑roll display mode is also provided for the Virtual Keyboard, offering enhanced mouse control over a three‑octave range and adding a few extra notes playable by the computer keyboard as well, although you unfortunately lose the on‑screen labels to let you know what keys trigger what notes. In this mode, clicking a note and dragging the mouse horizontally adds pitch‑bend, while dragging vertically controls modulation, and additional sliders are displayed to the left of the keyboard for these controls as well.
While you're probably not going to use your computer's keyboard for performing a virtuosic solo, the Virtual Keyboard is invaluable for those situations when you might only have your laptop and no access to a MIDI keyboard. My only complaint is that when Virtual Keyboard is enabled, only a couple of other key commands are supported (such as the space bar), which becomes a real pain. Obviously the Virtual Keyboard isn't going to be compatible with every key command, but I really think all commands that use modifiers or the numeric keypad should be allowed. As it is, you have to keep toggling Virtual Keyboard on and off, usually when you realise it's still enabled and that's why the key command you just pressed isn't working.
Vary Impressive
VariAudio is a new way to edit the pitch (and, to some extent, the timing) of monophonic notes in an audio event directly in the Sample editor.
The first big feature that really caught my attention in Cubase 5 is VariAudio, which makes it possible to detect and manipulate the individual notes of a monophonic audio recording directly in Cubase's Sample Editor window. If you've ever seen or used Celemony's Melodyne, you'll instantly get what VariAudio is about, and while it was obvious that this type of technology belonged in a digital audio workstation, as opposed to having to exchange audio files with another application or plug‑in, it's a pleasant surprise to see Steinberg implementing such functionality in Cubase 5. Note, however, that VariAudio is only available in the full Cubase 5: Cubase Studio 5 users will have to upgrade to Cubase to get this feature.
To edit an audio recording with VariAudio, you simply open it in the Sample editor (usually by double‑clicking an audio event on the Project window) and open the VariAudio section of the Sample editor's Inspector to switch to this mode. You'll notice that the vertical amplitude scale is replaced by a piano keyboard, and a single waveform will be displayed, even if the audio event itself is stereo. In order to edit the individual notes, Cubase needs to analyse the audio and create so‑called Segments, where each Segment will represent a single note in the audio. You can do this by enabling the 'Pitch & Warp' mode in the VariAudio Inspector section.
A Segment is basically akin to a note in the Key editor, in that its pitch is plotted on the vertical axis and time position on the horizontal. Should VariAudio not quite detect the Segments as it should, a Segments mode is also provided to let you adjust where the Segments are defined within a piece of audio. For example, if VariAudio fails to distinguish two notes of the same pitch that are very close to each other, you can simply divide that one Segment into two at the appropriate place on the waveform.
Unlike notes in the Key editor, Segments don't necessarily fall onto discrete pitch steps, since, especially with singers, the chances of having recorded a precise frequency for that pitch is quite unlikely, for both creative and technical reasons. If you hover the mouse over a Segment, the editor will display the numerical deviation from the detected pitch in cents (if you have sufficient horizontal resolution), a value that can easily be adjusted in either the Info Line or by using other mouse and keyboard commands.
Another visual cue that's displayed when you hover the mouse over a Segment is a translucent piano keyboard that appears in the background behind that particular note. This is useful because the main background for the editor is a single‑colour gradient that, unlike the background in the Key editor, doesn't distinguish black and white notes. Having a translucent keyboard appear behind a note is fancy, but in some ways, just having the whole background show the translucent keyboard might actually be more useful, at least as an option. Knowing the pitches of notes you're not hovering over can actually get quite tricky if you have a large display.
Segments can be dragged up and down to different pitches, just like notes in the Key editor, which is great for rewriting parts. And though you can't duplicate Segments, you can always duplicate the audio event being edited onto another track in the Project window and edit the Segments in the duplicate to create a harmony line, for example. One particularly nice touch when rewriting the pitches of notes in this way is a MIDI step input mode, which works similarly to MIDI step input in the Key editor, letting you adjust each successive Segment's pitch simply by playing it on your MIDI keyboard.
The Time Warp, Again
These features are great for creative editing, but VariAudio can be used for corrective editing as well, enabling you to easily fix the tuning of notes, or even iron out pitch deviations within a note, such as a singer's vibrato. You don't necessarily have to adjust each Segment manually, thanks to two useful functions that proportionally adjust the currently selected Segments closer to an absolute state. Pitch Quantize gradually pulls a note closer to its identified pitch, while Straighten Pitch evens out the micro‑tuning within the note that VariAudio detected. Very handy indeed.
What's nice about VariAudio's micro‑tuning detection is the way the editor plots this information as a graph for each Segment, allowing you to easily see the pitch deviation within a Segment. VariAudio even allows you to go beyond simply straightening out this micro‑tuning, so you can tilt the micro‑tuning graph by dragging the top left or top right of a Segment, making it possible to easily apply a portamento from or to the next Segment.
You can freely drag Segments up and down to adjust the pitch, but not from side to side. However, it is possible to adjust the timing by dragging either the bottom‑left or bottom‑right corner of a Segment. This causes Warp Tabs to be created, meaning that adjusting the start and end points of a Segment can affect any Segments that might be either side of the one in question. This limits the type of timing edits that can be performed using VariAudio, but it's not dissimilar to the way this type of editing is handled in the current version of Melodyne.
As well as manipulating audio, VariAudio has another neat trick up its sleeve: converting the detected Segments in an audio event to a MIDI part. And what's particularly useful is that this process can convert micro‑tuning information into either static or continuous pitch‑bend data. If you choose static pitch‑bend conversion, the pitch‑bend will be used to provide the tuning adjustment in cents, as opposed to the continuous conversion, which will attempt to mimic the complete micro‑tuning graph with pitch‑bend data.
Overall, VariAudio is a pretty impressive feature, both in terms of what it lets you do and the quality of the results, although I found that pitch adjustments sounded more natural than time adjustments, especially when performing a more drastic edit. And while Cubase doesn't necessarily replace a product like Celemony's Melodyne, especially with the forthcoming version of Melodyne supporting polyphonic material, it's so much more convenient to have this type of editing in your digital audio workstation, particularly since the edits are non‑destructive, are saved with your Project, and can easily be adjusted at any time.
The new Pitch Correct plug‑in provides automatic, real‑time pitch correction for situations when you don't need the editing control afforded by VariAudio.Accompanying the new VariAudio feature in the pitch‑correction department is the new Pitch Correct plug‑in, which is included in both Cubase and Cubase Studio, and is based on Yamaha's Pitch Fix technology. Pitch Correct is basically Steinberg's answer to Auto‑Tune, and corrects, in real time, the pitch of notes detected in monophonic material.
Express Yourself
In recent years, sample‑based instruments have continued to grow and become more complex, offering an incredible amount of control for the composer looking to create natural‑sounding performances of acoustic instruments. However, for the most part, the method for how we use sequencers to program these sampled instruments has remained largely the same, and the sequencer is mostly dumb about the context of the music being programmed.
One example of this is the way many sampled instruments use key switches (notes on a MIDI keyboard that trigger an action in a sampled instrument) to select different articulations. For instance, you might have a violin instrument where the key switches allow you to select different playing styles, such as legato, staccato, pizzicato, and so on. This is fine, but it can make editing the resulting MIDI data quite difficult, since you have to remember what the various key switches trigger — and, rather annoyingly, since they are merely notes, key switches don't chase, so if you jump around to different parts of the Project, most sequencers won't know to go back and find the last key switch to ensure your pizzicato section really does play pizzicato.
Steinberg have solved this problem in a rather neat way in Cubase 5 by introducing a feature called VST Expression that's conceptually similar to Drum Maps. In the same way a Drum Map can be assigned to a MIDI or Instrument track to tell Cubase what drums are assigned to what notes, VST Expression enables an Expression Map to be assigned so that Cubase knows about the various articulations that can be played by the instrument to which the track is routed.
An Expression Map defines Articulations, and there are two different types of Articulation provided: Directions and Attributes. A Direction is a general change in playing style for a duration in a given part, such as when a violinist switches from bowed notes (arco) to pizzicato, whereas an Attribute is an articulation that's just applied to a single note. For example, if our imaginary violinist is playing an arco passage but the occasional note should be played staccato, the Direction will be arco, and the staccato notes will be assigned the staccato Attribute.
The VST Expression Setup window is where you manage, create and edit Expression Maps. Here you can see the included Violins Combi Expression Map for Steinberg's Halion Symphonic Orchestra VST Instrument.This is obviously pretty powerful, but what's even more useful is that Articulations aren't just there to provide access to key switches. Once an Articulation is defined in an Expression Map, you actually have quite a bit of control over what it will do when active, and having it trigger a key‑switch note is just one possibility. Articulations can send MIDI Program Change messages, change the channel on which MIDI data is sent, and also manipulate the pitch, length and velocity of notes, much like the old MIDI Meaning feature found in the score editors in Cubase and many other sequencers. This means that even if you're working with an older instrument that doesn't support key switches, it's possible to instead create an Expression Map that sends Program Change messages to reproduce the same type of behaviour that we've been discussing for newer, key‑switchable instruments.
In addition to these various output mapping options, each Articulation also allows the input mapping of a MIDI note, enabling you to switch Articulations in Cubase from a MIDI keyboard in exactly the same way you would a conventional key‑switchable instrument. This is important because it means that when you perform key switches on your MIDI keyboard, Cubase now knows about these key switches and will record them as Articulation events instead of MIDI notes. Unless, that is, you're using the Retrospective Record feature, since this mode still seems to capture the key switches as notes — an issue which, according to Steinberg, should be fixed very soon.
While the input and output mapping options are quite comprehensive, there are a couple of extra options that would make Expression Maps even more useful. Firstly, it would be great to have the option of sending MIDI Controllers (in addition to notes and program changes) in the output mapping section, and Steinberg will apparently include this in a 5.0.1 update that may even be available by the time you read this. It would be equally useful to have more input mapping options; for instance, you might want to trigger Articulations from a different type of controller, and there are situations where it's useful not to have notes triggering Articulations, such as when you want to select the same Articulation on multiple instruments that have different pitch ranges simultaneously from a single MIDI message.
Map Reading
Working with Expression Maps is pretty simple. You assign a Map to a MIDI or Instrument track via the Expression Map pop‑up in the new VST Expression Inspector Section, from where you can also open the VST Expression Setup window to edit and create Maps. Fortunately, Cubase 5 comes with a selection of ready‑made Expression Maps for the Halion One and Halion Symphonic Orchestra instruments to get you started (HSO is sold separately, but you get a 90‑day demo with Cubase 5). Creating your own Expression Maps is not particularly hard, but does require reading the appropriate chapter in the manual.
A new Articulations controller lane in the Key editor makes it easy to edit Articulations. Note how the Event Info Line now has an Articulations option, which in this example shows that a Half‑Tone Trill Attribute has been applied to the selected note.Once an Expression Map is assigned, you can use the new Articulations controller lane in the Key, Drum and In‑place editors to visually edit Articulation changes. The Articulations controller lane works similarly to other controller lanes, but is divided into a number of sub‑lanes, one for each Articulation, making it easy to see and edit Articulation changes.
While the Articulations controller lane enables you to see all Articulations, from an editing perspective it's most convenient for working with Directions. For assigning Attributes to individual notes, there's a new Articulations option in the Event Info Line. When one or more notes are selected, this lets you assign an Attribute from the pop‑up menu listing all available Attributes in the currently assigned Expression Map.
Although assigned Attributes do show up in the Articulations controller lane, this isn't always the best way to see what Attributes are assigned to what notes, because it's obviously possible to have a chord where the top note might have a different Attribute from the other notes in the chord, an accent, maybe. The ability to colour notes by Attribute would be very helpful. Meanwhile, the List editor is actually one of the clearest places to see all of the Articulation data, since Directions show up as Text events and Attributes are listed in the Comment field of a given MIDI note event.
The Score editor enables you to both see Articulation events in a musically relevant way and add new Articulation symbols via the VST Expression Inspector Section. While the notes aren't interesting, this example shows a direct interpretation of the same data displayed in the Key editor illustration.One of the most useful editors for interpreting Articulation events is the Score editor, and this is where things could get really interesting for composers who work with notation and would like to have a more precise score to pass onto an orchestrator (via MusicXML), or even directly to a musician. Because Articulations that are defined in an Expression Map can either have a musical symbol or an item of text associated with them, Articulation events automatically appear on the score in the Score editor in a mostly musically correct fashion, which is just fantastic. And although they appear light blue by default, you can easily change the colour of their appearance, if you like, in the Preferences window.
There are a couple of areas where the layout of Articulations could be improved. Firstly, Direction Articulations often end up on the staff, and especially for text events, it would be great to set a default staff offset so they would mostly stay clear, either above or below. Secondly, it would be helpful if there was a default Articulations Text Attribute Set, so that you could globally change the font used for Articulation text.
In addition to showing existing Articulation events, you can also add Articulations to the score, as all of the available Articulations show up as symbols in a new VST Expression Section of the Score editor's Inspector.
VST Expression is a powerful and generally well thought‑out feature, and Steinberg have clearly thought about what a composer will need. As with VariAudio, it was perhaps inevitable that sequencers would incorporate such a feature, now that composers are working with increasingly large and complex soft‑synth setups. But I think Steinberg deserve credit for being the first to address this need, and for incorporating it meaningfully into so many areas of the program, and especially into the Score editor.
Designer Beats
Staying with the theme of new MIDI‑related composing features, an oft‑neglected and sadly under-used feature of Cubase is the ability to use MIDI plug‑ins to process MIDI events on MIDI tracks, just as you would process audio events on audio tracks with VST effects plug‑ins. In Cubase 5, Steinberg have revitalised their collection of bundled MIDI plug‑ins with updated interfaces and some completely new plug‑ins, such as MIDI Monitor.
MIDI Monitor is a rather useful tool that lists the MIDI events being output by the track on which it's inserted. You can even save the listed events in a text file for further study. To help prevent the list from becoming cluttered with events that you don't want to see, various filters are provided for different types of MIDI events, and you can even filter out events played back from MIDI parts or live MIDI input.
Beat Designer is a new MIDI plug‑in step sequencer that makes it easy to create drum patterns.Besides analysis, if you spend time creating drum loops from individual samples, you'll almost certainly like the new Beat Designer MIDI plug‑in, a pattern‑based step sequencer ideal for programming drums. Each pattern consists of a number of lanes, and each lane can be set to trigger a specific MIDI pitch. The name of a lane is based on the Drum Map that's set for the track on which Beat Designer is being used, and a General MIDI map is used if no Drum Map is set. This is all right, except that I'm guessing most people will use Beat Designer with VST Instruments, and wouldn't it be nice if somehow the drum names used in the VST Instrument could find their way into Beat Designer? One would hope this would at least be possible with those made by Steinberg.
Adding steps is a simple matter of clicking in the step display for a given lane, and you can remove a step by clicking it again. You can also set the velocity for a step by clicking and dragging, where the colour of the step will change to reflect the velocity, which is a nice touch; and Beat Designer also makes it easy to add flams to individual steps. You can set between and one and three flams for a step to play by clicking in the bottom part of a step, and the number of flams will be indicated by one, two, or three dots. At the bottom of the Beat Designer interface are global controls for how the flams are performed, and you can adjust the timing and velocity of the flams. Being able to vary the timing is actually very neat, because this makes it possible to have the flams play before or after the beat. Staying with timing, you can also set each lane to one of two swing settings, in addition to setting a slide value to independently move a lane forwards or backwards in time.
A pattern can be between one and 64 steps, and you can set the resolution of these steps between a half note and a 128th note, with various triplet options along the way. The resolution of the pattern also dictates the note length of a step; so if the resolution is eighth‑note, each step will last for a quaver on a eighth‑note grid. Because the triggered length is global across all lanes, I can't help but think it would be useful to have a gate control on each lane, so you could add to or subtract from the global note length.
The hierarchy of patterns is little confusing at first, but in essence, a single pattern bank (which can be stored as a preset) consists of four sub‑banks, and each sub‑bank contains 12 patterns. The pattern selector is represented by an on‑screen one‑octave keyboard, and you can either select patterns using a combination of Beat Designer's on‑screen keyboard and sub‑bank buttons, or remotely via MIDI over a four‑octave range when Jump mode is enabled. Not enabling Jump mode lets you still trigger sounds on the MIDI Track rather than changing patterns, which is also quite useful.
Agent Of Your Tunes?
Groove Agent ONE is an MPC‑inspired drum machine VST Instrument that can also be used to play the individual slices of a drum loop.
A new instrument plug‑in that works particularly well with Beat Designer is Groove Agent ONE. This is not a version of Steinberg's separately available Groove Agent VST Instrument, but Steinberg's take on an MPC‑like drum machine, even offering the ability to import mappings from MPC PGM‑format files. It provides a really simple way of playing back one‑shot samples or loops.
Although Groove Agent ONE is supplied with a number of preset kits, what's really nice about this plug‑in is how easy it is to create your own kits. As you would expect, there are 16 virtual pads onto which you can drag audio events from your Project or audio files from the Media Bay, and then trigger the assigned sound by clicking the pad or by setting a MIDI note that will trigger it remotely. It's possible to drag multiple sounds to a single pad, thereby creating different layers that are triggered via velocity; and if 16 pads aren't quite enough, Groove Agent ONE actually offers eight Groups of 16 pads (similar to an MPC's pad banks), accessible via the Group buttons. These conveniently show a red outline if they contain assigned pads.
An LCD‑style view in Groove Agent ONE's interface enables you to adjust various settings for the currently selected pad, such as tuning, adding a filter, adjusting the amplifier envelope, setting the play direction (making it easy to reverse a sample non‑destructively), defining whether the pad triggers the sample to play one‑shot or for as long as the pad (or corresponding MIDI note) is held down, and so on. There are 16 stereo outputs available from Groove Agent ONE, and it's possible to assign individual pads to any of these outputs. One slightly curious omission in terms of editable parameters is that it doesn't seem to be possible to adjust the sample start and end points, which is a shame, since a waveform overview is available from the LCD.
A particularly neat trick Groove Agent ONE has up its virtual sleeve is that it's also possible to use it for playing back sliced loops. Simply slice up a loop in the Sample editor (which you can easily do by creating hitpoints and using the Slice & Close button), open the sliced loop in the audio Part editor, select all the audio events and drag them onto a pad. The slices will be added to consecutive pads so that you can now trigger elements of the loop from a MIDI keyboard.
Better still is that, by dragging the MIDI Export pad in the Exchange section into your Cubase Project, you can make Groove Agent ONE export a MIDI file that plays the slices for you as a loop again, just as you can do with some third‑party instruments, such as Spectrasonics' Stylus RMX. This is a pretty nice feature, and my only complaint is that the MIDI file you import is always added to a new track — you can't drag the MIDI file onto a track that's already created and has its output set. However, this isn't strictly a Groove Agent ONE issue and is something of a minor point.
Five Stars
Overall, Cubase 5 is a really fantastic update, and, compared to version 4, actually has musically useful new features that cater to many different groups of musicians. From major new facilities like VST Expression and VariAudio, to more workflow‑oriented improvements like the batch export feature in the Export Audio window, which I didn't have space to discuss in more detail, allowing you to perform multiple exports of tracks or mixer channels with a single command, there really is something to make every Cubase user smile in this update.
Like any piece of software, it would seem, Cubase 5 isn't perfect. There are a few quirks here and there, such as an instability that can manifest itself when you have multiple controller lanes open in the Key editor, or the fact that certain 'on top' windows like the transport panel don't always minimise correctly with the parent window on Windows Vista. But at least Steinberg will be addressing many of these issues in the forthcoming 5.0.1 update mentioned earlier. One particular area of the application I wish Steinberg would look at in a future version, though, is the Preferences window.
With so many preferences, it's becoming really hard to remember where to find certain options, especially when they get moved around from version to version or disappear altogether. Mac OS X Tiger's System Preferences window showed one possible approach to locating certain settings, allowing you to search for items and having the window disclose where suitable matches might be found. And even Reaper, the "reasonably priced” digital audio workstation, offers a Find field in its Preferences window. We really need something like this in Cubase.
Ultimately, though, I actually do like the direction of Cubase 5. Rather than simply focus on redoing the user interface, or adding only 'me too' features from competing products, Steinberg seem to have really thought about functionality that will help users get more from the application. If Sound On Sound ever has to review Cubase 5 for a third time, there will be a high standard to beat.
Pros
Cons
Summary
Cubase 5 is arguably the most impressive release of Cubase since its reboot with SX seven years ago. It offers useful, fun, and innovative new features and improvements that should benefit both existing Cubase users and the new users this release will surely attract.
Information
Yamaha Corporation +1 714 522 9011.
Published March 2009
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